| 1. Difficulties faced by nurses during the COVID-19 period | 1.1 Physical and mental stress | Internal | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o |
| 1.2 Social stigma and isolation | Internal | o | o | o | o | o | o | - | o | - |
| 1.3 Ethical dilemma in patient care | Internal | - | o | - | o | - | o | - | - | o |
| 1.4 Lack of manpower and equipment | External | o | o | - | - | o | o | - | o | - |
| 1.5 Increased workload | External | o | o | o | - | o | o | o | o | o |
| 1.6 Insufficient anti-epidemic system | External | o | o | o | o | o | o | - | o | - |
| 1.7 Improper treatment and compensation | External | - | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o |
| 2. Responding to the challenges nurses experienced during the COVID-19 period | 2.1 Thorough self-quarantine | Internal | - | o | - | - | o | - | - | - | - |
| 2.2 Mindfulness | Internal | - | o | o | o | - | - | o | o | o |
| 2.3 Positive feedback and encouragement from outside | External | - | o | - | o | - | - | o | o | o |
| 2.4 Effort to improve work | Internal | o | - | - | o | o | o | - | o | - |
| 3. Changes in nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak | 3.1 Building professional value | Internal | - | o | o | o | o | - | o | o | o |
| 3.2 Adaptation | Internal | - | - | o | o | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3.3 Frustration with the unchanging reality | External | - | - | - | o | - | - | - | o | - |
| 3.4 Change in social perception and the environment | External | - | o | - | - | - | o | o | - | o |
| Quality assessment (CASP) | 10/10 | 9/10 | 8/10 | 10/10 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 8/10 | 9/10 | 7/10 |